Download this white paper (.pdf format)
This white paper will provide you with a simple set of non-technical guidelines for improving your web site's performance in all major search engines. Regardless of your level of familiarity with the subject, it will arm you with new thinking on how to tackle the your SEO ('Search Engine Optimisation') challenges more cost-effectively.
Importantly, the acquisition of this knowledge will not require membership of a secret society, the wearing of a black hat, an understanding of the occult, or the possession of a large marketing budget. Rather, the advice provided is universal, well documented via external sources, and easy for anyone (yes anyone!) to follow.
In short, this paper will help you to 'SEO like a Pro' – without major investments in external consultancy services...because SEO is not a black art. It's simple. There, we've said it. Now we'll show you how to do it.
All of the actions and functionalities described below can by performed easily, out of the box, by non-technical users with Squiz's new open source Content Management System (CMS), MySource Matrix. If you're not a MySource Matrix user, the SEO principles and guidelines all still apply. It may, however, be harder to achieve the desired effects when using other, less SEO-friendly web site production systems.
Firstly, for the sake of this paper, we will refer to Google as our target search engine. Google enjoys an overwhelming market share as the most popular search engine, and the principles that drive it are largely employed by other search engines – eg, Yahoo, MSN, etc. A such, we will work to the premise that what's good for Google is good for the rest.
Secondly, we need to make a distinction between 'natural' search and 'paid for' search. Natural search results are those returned by Google in the main (white) content area of your browser. 'Paid for' search results are those returned in the highlighted content cell at the top of the page and the sidebar to the right. They are referred to as 'Sponsored Links' by Google and are generated, as you'd expect, on a paid for basis – ie, the more money I pay Google, the higher my 'Sponsored Link' will appear in a listing.
This paper is all about enhancing your natural search performance. Obviously, this is the more strategically important of the two as these results are perceived by users to be 'unbiased.'
Before we describe the core principles of SEO, it's worth considering why it should be so important to us.
Regardless of what type of business you are, your web site is now your primary point of contact with customers old and new....and the majority of these interactions will be mediated by a search engine, because 'search' is how we happen to navigate the web.
Your goals ought to be to exploit the way Google is used to:
Note: the primary emphasis here is on understanding people, not technology. You first need to grasp how people are using Google - the technology stuff comes later, and relates to how you're able to align your web site with these usage patterns. In short, we're talking about understanding the language that people use to search for you, and the psychology behind this.
As such, SEO is first and foremost a marketing activity, not a technical activity. It works on the basis of helping search engines find you via the provision of superior web site content and adherence to solid web site implementation principles. Over time, this practice should also help you to better understand how and what you're selling, as your SEO tactics will need to be guided by the language and behaviour of the people who are searching for you.
Everything else is of secondary importance when it comes to enhancing your Google rankings. Importantly, this means that ugly web sites will often perform better than good looking sites (eg, www.useit.com). From a design perspective, your challenge is to ensure that the look and feel of your site is compelling enough to retain interest, whilst at the same time adhering to the implementation practices that we'll describe below.
Another important point to note is that SEO for SEO's sake is a bad idea. Your goal should be to attract qualified users to your site, not just any old rabble. This is because the flip-side of increasing traffic is that it carries specific costs – such as rising bandwidth and the amount of resources that you apply to the effort in the first place.
For example, the leisure travel companies that Squiz works with all want to attract prospects that are interested in their specific holiday offerings – eg, in the case of Channel Islands Direct, people who are interested in 'Channel Island holidays' as opposed to 'summer holidays.' If we were to optimise the site on the latter search term, we may well increase overall site traffic, but we would be unlikely to increase the company's online revenues.
So, to ensure that your SEO work is cost-effective, your primary aim is 'conversion.' You are really only interested in generating the traffic that buys the holiday, downloads the white paper, signs up for the event or registers some other form of interest in you. For this reason, your SEO efforts ought to be focused on the web pages that ask people to buy, download and subscribe....as opposed to your homepage. (Because directing users to your homepage will result in unnecessary wastage (or drop out) as they will undoubtedly find something else to do other than click through to the pages that really matter.....Although, of course, general browsing is also to be encouraged!)
In sum, our advice is to treat SEO as follows:
When someone conducts a search, Google presents them with a series of links based on relevancy to the initial search term. Obviously, it's your aim to feature at the top that list so as to the chances of having people click through to your site. This much is clear. However, to promote this likelihood, it's necessary to understand how Google actually works.
Google uses its 'PageRank' algorithm to evaluate and sort its search results. Much like Coca-Cola, the inner workings of this algorithm are a guarded secret. However, its general working principles are well documented (see http://www.google.com/technology and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank).
Google describes PageRank as something that “relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page's value.” In practice this means that Google “interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B.” In addition, PageRank also analyses the page that “casts the vote,” and assumes that “votes cast by pages that are themselves 'important' weigh more heavily and help to make other pages 'important.'"
In essence, Google practices a form of web-based karma, whereby it values your page more if it's well respected – ie, linked to – by other web pages. So, the number one factor that determines your position in a Google search is the number of external web pages that link to you.
Now, if this were to be the sole determining factor, then we could all pack up and go home right now. Your job would simply be to propagate the number of linking pages out there on the web, whilst focusing on gaining links from the more important web sites (ie, from the BBC, as opposed to the Kennel Club of Bow). But Google is smarter than that because it “combines PageRank with sophisticated text-matching techniques to find pages that are both important and relevant to a search.”
What this means is that Google looks at how pages are linking to you and how relevant to the search term your page content is. In other words, there are good ways and not so good ways for pages to link to you, and – critically – the way in which your web pages are composed will have an enormous effect on whether or not Google thinks they are relevant or not. This, then, is the technical bit. In order to influence Google and encourage it to view your pages as relevant, you need to know how it thinks....and, armed with this knowledge, you also need to tell people how to construct their links. We'll deal with this shortly.
In the meantime, you should also note that your site must first be discovered,or 'indexed', by Google, and that Google does this via the use of software that crawls the web looking for, reacting to, and evaluating links (according to the PageRank algorithm). This software is called a crawler, a spider or a search bot – but most commonly 'bot' for short. When a bot discovers your pages it 'indexes' them by storing a copy of them on Google's servers. In turn, when someone conducts a search, it is these copies of your pages that Google presents to users as a series of links, ranked by relevance to the search term.
OK, so that's all the science we need to know for now. It's really not that complex. As mentioned before, the key to better SEO lies primarily in understanding how your users are searching for you, and applying this logic to the way that your site is built. You see it's all about key words!
The point of 'key words' is to convince Google that you are what you say you are, and that you're therefore relevant to a user's search query. And it's at this point that traditional marketeers tend to run for the hills or hastily organise a focus group.....because the only way to convince Google that you're relevant is to use the exact same language as your users.
Now, it's worth reflecting for a moment on what this really means. Remember your last marketing summit, where senior management and PR consultants were assembled with sharpened pencils and ppts to streamline your corporate messages? Well, skip that stuff, because Google doesn't care for it – in reality, one company's 'personal messaging and productivity optimising platform' is really just an average users 'email software.'
You get the point.... The skill in identifying key words lies mainly in being brave enough to describe your products and services in the real, everyday language that people actually use.
Here's a general formula to keep you honest: if the answer is X, then what was the question? Or, if I sell email software, what kind of questions might users be asking in order to discover me? Perhaps something radical like 'email software for Windows'??!! Naturally this is heresy for traditional marketing thinkers.....For where's the differentiation? Where's the USP?
And here's the rub – successful SEO depends on not being different, but on being the same. Or just samey enough if you practice it well enough. Because however unique you may wish to treat each individual customer, your customers don't really want to treat you in a unique way. That's just asking them to work too hard – to remember a different message or word for every company under the sun. In cognitive terms, we merge concepts into groups and create labels for them – and that's good enough. So, email is email and nothing more.
There are exceptions to this rule of course. If you are Pepsi (The Choice of a New Generation) or Budweiser (Wassssup?) then you have the marketing budget to bend minds and make people think just like you want them to. But, for the rest of us, we have to move with the crowd and identify ourselves in ways that are already part of the popular psyche. The trick is to find a sweet spot and go for it.
But where to start? Well, focus groups may be an idea, but a more cost-effective approach is to investigate your search logs to see how people have arrived at your site (ie, see which search terms they've been using historically), or there are a number of freely available tools that can show you the popularity of specific search terms and associated data such as the number of pages on the web that contain those words.
Here's another crude equation that can help (we use it here at Squiz): first of all, you need to establish whether or not your key word is relevant by understanding how many search terms are conducted on it per month (let's call this number 'A'); then you need to get a sense of who you're competing against, or the number of pages already out there that use that same phrase or word (B).
So, in order to establish how hard it will be to attract interest and rank well in Google, it's a case of dividing the number of searches (A) by the number of pages that might provide a search result (B)....and perhaps making that number a percentage term to give you a notion of probability. As mentioned, the tools listed at the end of this paper will get you these numbers, but what you need to discover is a place where your chosen key words can co-exist happily amongst the competition – giving you as much chance as possible to be discovered.
For example, the phrase 'Open Source Content Management System' is relatively popular as a UK search term (over 74 searches last month). Coupled with this, the phrase 'Open Source Content Management System' has a reasonable presence on the web (59 million related pages are indexed in Google). As such, using our formula, the chances of a user stumbling across any given 'Open Source Content Management System' page is 0.0001%. By comparison, the term 'open source CMS' was searched for 130 times in the same period, and yet there are only around 6.5 million pages indexed with that term....meaning that users have a vastly improved 0.002% chance of finding any given 'open source CMS' page.
Now, don't be put off by the decimal points here, because there will always be more web pages than searches (think about it, if there was only one web page per search, then SEO would be so damn easy....and I wouldn't be writing this paper!). Just treat this as a simple way of establishing what kind of market you're playing in and how hard it might be to grab peoples' attention.
The next step, then, is to take this maths and apply a bit of science to it in order to improve your chances of getting spotted – ie, to change that 0.002% number into something more positive (since the previous formula was based on a very even playing field – without taking any 'optimisation' practices into account). To give us this competitive edge we need to understand why, in the eyes of Google, no two pages are created equal and apply some smarts to the way in which we build our web site. In other words, we have to....
We've already stated that it's not 'rocket science,' so we'll keep the technical stuff to a minimum. In a nutshell, all you need to do to make Google happy is ensure that your content is King (or Queen!).
As mentioned, Google is not human. It uses bots, not eyes, and so in general it prefers words to pictures (ie, jpegs, Flash animations and video). It also likes your content to be updated as frequently as possible, to give it an excuse to come visit you more often and ensure that your page ranking is as up to date as it should be. And it likes to be lead very, very clearly through your content, just to make absolute sense of it and to be sure that you are what you say you are (again, there's no scope for subtleties – you're communicating with a bot, not a real human being!).
As such, here's some content rules that Google likes:
With this in mind, here's some technical guidelines on how to implement your content:
OK, so much for the content production 101's – all of the above advice is designed to help Google see you more clearly. The next thought is to help Google understand you....
As mentioned above, it's a shame, but because Google is geeky by nature, it doesn't always appreciate beautiful web sites. It's just not wired that way. Instead, Google prefers to take its time to get to know you via some formal design and implementation principles - and beauty is very much in the eye of the beholder because ugly sites can, and often do, win.
As such, when it comes to site design, your aim is to engage Google's search bots for as long as possible in order to help them to get familiar with you. Here's some things to avoid:
In short, when it comes to good, SEO-friendly design, the things to avoid are all the things that are bad for general site accessibility...which means you need to try to present your content in a way that bots and other software programs (eg, text-to-speech apps) can 'read.' Further guidance on good accessibility design can be found via the W3C consortium's Web Accessibility Initiative (WIA) at: http://www.w3.org/WAI/. If you follow this advice then Google will love you!
Having listed the taboos, there are a number of design and implementation best practices to be encouraged. These are the type of things that encourage bots to spend more time indexing you and getting to know you. For example:
OK, so that's some basic design and implementation advice. Let's stick with the 'relationship' metaphor for a moment, because the next element to consider is how to attract attention to yourself... and the best way to do this is to be promiscuous.
Now, getting your name known around town and within Google is not as sordid as you might imagine. As mentioned above, the first principle of SEO is to increase the number of web pages that point to your site (or your optimised page). There are a number of ways to do this:
We'll focus on option four. Here are some low maintenance and cost-effective ways of punching above your weight and generating links back to your web site:
Further to this, you should note that there are good links and bad links, as already mentioned. Here's an example:
You don't need to understand too much about html to tell the difference, other than the fact that example 1 optimised the link around the phrase 'open source CMS,' whereas example 2 optimised the link around the phrase 'here.' Now in terms of these links' value to our business, example 1 is better because it's imparting some level of understanding and association within the code, whereas example 2 tells us nothing of who and what Squiz is all about.
A great example of how this plays out can be seen by Googling the phrase 'click here.' You'll notice that the Adobe Acrobat download page comes out on top. This is because people have been placing pdf's on their page next to a link that tells users to 'click here' to get Acrobat Reader if they don't have it already.
Now, this is a fun example because just about everyone already has the application. But personally, I'd be kicking myself if a partner web site decided to link to my product in the same way (by using 'click here' as the descriptive element of the html) because I know that when people search for an open source CMS, 'click here' is not the term they're going to use! So, it's important to ensure that external and internal links are constructed properly, and that where possible you can influence web masters to do it your way, using your key words.
So much for design and implementation and getting your name and links out there. There is one other significant way to help boost your SEO, and that's....
Any CMS worth its salt should be designed to handle the types of page-based SEO practices outlined above. MySource Matrix (our open source CMS) certainly does. Our basic point is that if your CMS does the majority of the thinking for you, then you can do SEO in a much more cost-effective way....rather than it being an extra expense. So, we encourage you to try and apply the best practices outlined above to your current web publishing system, and if it doesn't come up to scratch, or if following our advice isn't easy, then give us a call!
To summarise, most of the things we need to care about in SEO are the same things we should be doing to make our web sites more accessible and more readable (and I would say enjoyable) for everyone.
The key here is that good SEO requires an absolute devotion to ensuring your content is kept on track at every possible point – and this means placing key words in page headers, navigation labels and the like, as well as describing your products and services in a language that makes sense to normal human beings.
The design and implementation tips that we mention ought also to be common practice to any decent web developer / designer, and the fact that a CMS can help make this stuff second nature ought not be a surprise – would you really want to invest in a web publishing technology that didn't help people discover you?
So, to conclude. SEO isn't a black art. It's not even a grey area. It can be practised effectively by everyone and, to cover the key elements, this needn't be an exercise that requires a stack of cash or a bunch of over paid, under aged consultants!
Soapbox over. Here's some great tools..... Call us if you need any help!
Squiz is one of the world's leading open source software development companies.We give you control in a content-driven world.Our open source CMS, MySource Matrix, helps leading organisations such as the UK's NHS and the Australian Federal Government to manage their content more efficiently and cost-effectively. It also helps top brands such as Future Publishing and Warner Music to sell more content and products to more customers via the web. Squiz is a privately owned company, founded in Sydney Australia in 1998. Squiz has an international network of offices in Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra, Hobart and London that provide a local service to hundreds of clients across a broad spectrum of industries. Our MySource Matrix open source CMS is internationally recognized as best in class.
For further information about Squiz and/or MySource Matrix, contact us on info@squiz.co.uk.